# 2 Introduction

- What is SWIG?
- Why use SWIG?
- Target languages
  - Supported status
  - Experimental status
  - Deprecated status
- A SWIG example
  - SWIG interface file
  - The swig command
  - Building a Perl5 module
  - Building a Python module
  - Shortcuts
- Supported C/C++ language features
- Non-intrusive interface building
- Incorporating SWIG into a build system
- Hands off code generation
- SWIG and freedom

## 2.1 What is SWIG?

SWIG is a software development tool that simplifies the task of interfacing different languages to C and C++ programs. In a nutshell, SWIG is a compiler that takes C/C++ declarations and creates the wrappers needed to access those declarations from other languages including Perl, Python, Tcl, Ruby, Guile, and Java. SWIG normally requires no modifications to existing code and can often be used to build a usable interface in only a few minutes. Possible applications of SWIG include:

- Building interpreted interfaces to existing C programs.
- Rapid prototyping and application development.
- Interactive debugging.
- Reengineering or refactoring of legacy software into scripting language components.
- Making a graphical user interface (using Tk for example).
- Testing of C libraries and programs (using scripts).
- Building high performance C modules for scripting languages.
- Making C programming more enjoyable (or tolerable depending on your point of view).
- Impressing your friends.
- Obtaining vast sums of research funding (although obviously not applicable to the author).

SWIG was originally designed to make it extremely easy for scientists and engineers to build extensible scientific software without having to get a degree in software engineering. Because of this, the use of SWIG tends to be somewhat informal and ad-hoc (e.g., SWIG does not require users to provide formal interface specifications as you would find in a dedicated IDL compiler). Although this style of development isn't appropriate for every project, it is particularly well suited to software development in the small; especially the research and development work that is commonly found in scientific and engineering projects. However, nowadays SWIG is known to be used in many large open source and commercial projects.

## 2.2 Why use SWIG?

As stated in the previous section, the primary purpose of SWIG is to simplify the task of integrating C/C++ with other programming languages. However, why would anyone want to do that? To answer that question, it is useful to list a few strengths of C/C++ programming:

- Excellent support for writing programming libraries.
- High performance (number crunching, data processing, graphics, etc.).
- Systems programming and systems integration.
- Large user community and software base.

Next, let's list a few problems with C/C++ programming

- Writing a user interface is rather painful (i.e., consider programming with MFC, X11, GTK, or any number of other libraries).
- Testing is time consuming (the compile/debug cycle).
- Not easy to reconfigure or customize without recompilation.
- Modularization can be tricky.
- Security concerns (buffer overflows for instance).

To address these limitations, many programmers have arrived at the conclusion that it is much easier to use different programming languages for different tasks. For instance, writing a graphical user interface may be significantly easier in a scripting language like Python or Tcl (consider the reasons why millions of programmers have used languages like Visual Basic if you need more proof). An interactive interpreter might also serve as a useful debugging and testing tool. Other languages like Java might greatly simplify the task of writing distributed computing software. The key point is that different programming languages offer different strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, it is extremely unlikely that any programming is ever going to be perfect. Therefore, by combining languages together, you can utilize the best features of each language and greatly simplify certain aspects of software development.

From the standpoint of C/C++, a lot of people use SWIG because they want to break out of the traditional monolithic C programming model which usually results in programs that resemble this:

- A collection of functions and variables that do something useful.
- A `main()` program that starts everything.
- A horrible collection of hacks that form some kind of user interface (but which no-one really wants to touch).

Instead of going down that route, incorporating C/C++ into a higher level language often results in a more modular design, less code, better flexibility, and increased programmer productivity.

SWIG tries to make the problem of C/C++ integration as painless as possible. This allows you to focus on the underlying C program and using the high-level language interface, but not the tedious and complex chore of making the two languages talk to each other. At the same time, SWIG recognizes that all applications are different. Therefore, it provides a wide variety of customization features that let you change almost every aspect of the language bindings. This is the main reason why SWIG has such a large user manual ;-).

## 2.3 Target languages

SWIG in essence is a tool to generate code for making C/C++ code available to various other programming languages. These higher level programming languages are the target languages for the SWIG code generator and C or C++ are the input languages. A single target language must be specified when SWIG is run. This results in generating code for C/C++ and the specified target language to interface with each other. SWIG can be invoked multiple times, but with a different target language specified on each invocation. This ability to interface C/C++ to many different target languages is one of SWIG's core strengths and features.

SWIG is very broadly composed of two components. A core component creates a parse tree from the input ISO C/C++ and SWIG directives (extensions to the C/C++ standards). The parse tree is then passed to a second component, one of the target language modules for generating code specific to a higher level language. SWIG supports many different target languages. These target languages are given a status of either Supported, Experimental or Deprecated. This status is provided to indicate the level of maturity to expect when using a particular target language as not all target languages are fully developed or being kept up to date.

The second part of the SWIG documentation contains a chapter for each target level language. The target language chapters are under one of the sections indicating the status (Supported, Experimental or Deprecated) for that language.

### 2.3.1 Supported status

A target language is given the 'Supported' status when

- It is in a mature, well functioning state.
- It has its own comprehensive chapter in the documentation.
- It passes all of the main SWIG test-suite and has a range of working examples.
- It supports the vast majority of SWIG features.
- It provides strong backwards compatibility between releases.

The above is a short summary and further details are outlined in the Supported status section in the Extending chapter. The good news is that all the well-known and most popular languages have this status.

### 2.3.2 Experimental status

A target language is given the 'Experimental' status when

- It is of sub-standard quality, failing to meet the above 'Supported' status.
- It is somewhere between the mid to mature stage of development.
- It does not guarantee any backwards compatibility between releases.
- It is in need of help to finish development.

Anyone using an experimental target language is strongly urged to assist with development of the target language module if they wish to use it.

SWIG displays a warning when an experimental target language is used in order to set expectations and emphasize the experimental status of the target language. The usual warning suppression techniques can be used if required.

The above is a short summary and further details are outlined in the Experimental status section in the Extending chapter.

### 2.3.3 Deprecated status

A target language that was once 'Supported' or 'Experimental' is changed to the 'Deprecated' status when it has been neglected over time and become non-functional. It requires interested community member's contributions to restore it to its former status.

Please see the Deprecated status section in the Extending chapter for more details.

SWIG displays a deprecated warning notice whenever a 'Deprecated' language is used. The usual warning suppression techniques can be used if required.

## 2.4 A SWIG example

The best way to illustrate SWIG is with a simple example. Consider the following C code:

    /* File : example.c */

    double My_variable = 3.0;

    /* Compute factorial of n */
    int fact(int n) {
      if (n <= 1)
        return 1;
      else
        return n*fact(n-1);
    }

    /* Compute n mod m */
    int my_mod(int n, int m) {
      return(n % m);
    }

Suppose that you wanted to access these functions and the global variable `My_variable` from Tcl. You start by making a SWIG interface file as shown below (by convention, these files carry a .i suffix) :

### 2.4.1 SWIG interface file

    /* File : example.i */
    %module example
    %{
    /* Put headers and other declarations here */
    extern double My_variable;
    extern int    fact(int);
    extern int    my_mod(int n, int m);
    %}

    extern double My_variable;
    extern int    fact(int);
    extern int    my_mod(int n, int m);

The interface file contains ISO C function prototypes and variable declarations. The `%module` directive defines the name of the module that will be created by SWIG. The `%{ %}` block provides a location for inserting additional code, such as C header files or additional C declarations, into the generated C wrapper code.

### 2.4.2 The swig command

SWIG is invoked using the `swig` command. We can use this to build a Tcl module (under Linux) as follows :

    $ swig -tcl example.i
    $ gcc -c -fPIC example.c example_wrap.c -I/usr/include/tcl8.7
    $ gcc -shared example.o example_wrap.o -o example.so
    $ tclsh
    % load ./example.so
    % fact 4
    24
    % my_mod 23 7
    2
    % expr $My_variable + 4.5
    7.5
    %

The `swig` command produced a new file called `example_wrap.c` that should be compiled along with the `example.c` file. Most operating systems and scripting languages now support dynamic loading of modules. In our example, our Tcl module has been compiled into a shared library that can be loaded into Tcl. When loaded, Tcl can now access the functions and variables declared in the SWIG interface. A look at the file `example_wrap.c` reveals a hideous mess. However, you almost never need to worry about it.

### 2.4.3 Building a Perl5 module

Now, let's turn these functions into a Perl5 module. Without making any changes type the following (shown for Solaris):

    unix > swig -perl5 example.i
    unix > gcc -c example.c example_wrap.c \
            -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/sun4-solaris/5.003/CORE
    unix > ld -G example.o example_wrap.o -o example.so # This is for Solaris
    unix > perl5.003
    use example;
    print example::fact(4), "\n";
    print example::my_mod(23, 7), "\n";
    print $example::My_variable + 4.5, "\n";
    <ctrl-d>
    24
    2
    7.5
    unix >

### 2.4.4 Building a Python module

Finally, let's build a module for Python (shown for Linux).

    $ swig -python example.i
    $ gcc -c -fPIC example.c example_wrap.c -I/usr/include/python3.12
    $ gcc -shared example.o example_wrap.o -o _example.so
    $ python3
    Python 3.12.4 (main, Jun 12 2024, 19:06:53) [GCC 13.2.0] on linux
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    >>> import example
    >>> example.fact(4)
    24
    >>> example.my_mod(23, 7)
    2
    >>> example.cvar.My_variable + 4.5
    7.5

### 2.4.5 Shortcuts

To the truly lazy programmer, one may wonder why we needed the extra interface file at all. As it turns out, you can often do without it. For example, you could also build a Perl5 module by just running SWIG on the C header file and specifying a module name as follows

    unix > swig -perl5 -module example example.h
    unix > gcc -c example.c example_wrap.c \
            -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/sun4-solaris/5.003/CORE
    unix > ld -G example.o example_wrap.o -o example.so
    unix > perl5.003
    use example;
    print example::fact(4), "\n";
    print example::my_mod(23, 7), "\n";
    print $example::My_variable + 4.5, "\n";
    <ctrl-d>
    24
    2
    7.5

## 2.5 Supported C/C++ language features

A primary goal of the SWIG project is to make the language binding process extremely easy. Although a few simple examples have been shown, SWIG is quite capable in supporting most of C++. Some of the major features include:

- Full C99 preprocessing.
- All ISO C and C++ datatypes.
- Functions, variables, and constants.
- Classes.
- Single and multiple inheritance.
- Overloaded functions and methods.
- Overloaded operators.
- C++ templates (including member templates, specialization, and partial specialization).
- Namespaces.
- Variable length arguments.
- C++ smart pointers.

Most of C++11 is also supported. Details are in the C++11 chapter. C++14 support is covered in the C++14 chapter. C++17 support is covered in the C++17 chapter. C++20 support is covered in the C++20 chapter.

It is important to stress that SWIG is not a simplistic C++ lexing tool like several apparently similar wrapper generation tools. SWIG not only parses C++, it implements the full C++ type system and it is able to understand C++ semantics. SWIG generates its wrappers with full knowledge of this information. As a result, you will find SWIG to be just as capable of dealing with nasty corner cases as it is in wrapping simple C++ code. In fact, SWIG is able to handle C++ code that stresses the very limits of many C++ compilers.

## 2.6 Non-intrusive interface building

When used as intended, SWIG requires minimal (if any) modification to existing C or C++ code. This makes SWIG extremely easy to use with existing packages and promotes software reuse and modularity. By making the C/C++ code independent of the high level interface, you can change the interface and reuse the code in other applications. It is also possible to support different types of interfaces depending on the application.

## 2.7 Incorporating SWIG into a build system

SWIG is a command line tool and as such can be incorporated into any build system that supports invoking external tools/compilers. SWIG is most commonly invoked from within a Makefile, but is also known to be invoked from popular IDEs such as Microsoft Visual Studio.

If you are using the GNU Autotools (Autoconf/ Automake/ Libtool) to configure SWIG use in your project, the SWIG Autoconf macros can be used. The primary macro is `ax_pkg_swig`, see http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf-archive/ax_pkg_swig.html#ax_pkg_swig. The `ax_python_devel` macro is also helpful for generating Python extensions. See the Autoconf Archive for further information on this and other Autoconf macros.

There is growing support for SWIG in some build tools, for example CMake is a cross-platform, open-source build manager with built in support for SWIG. CMake can detect the SWIG executable and many of the target language libraries for linking against. CMake knows how to build shared libraries and loadable modules on many different operating systems. This allows easy cross platform SWIG development. It can also generate the custom commands necessary for driving SWIG from IDEs and makefiles. All of this can be done from a single cross platform input file. The following example is a CMake input file for creating a Python wrapper for the SWIG interface file, example.i:

    # This is a CMake example for Python

    FIND_PACKAGE(SWIG REQUIRED)
    INCLUDE(${SWIG_USE_FILE})

    FIND_PACKAGE(PythonLibs)
    INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES(${PYTHON_INCLUDE_PATH})

    INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})

    SET(CMAKE_SWIG_FLAGS "")

    SET_SOURCE_FILES_PROPERTIES(example.i PROPERTIES CPLUSPLUS ON)
    SET_SOURCE_FILES_PROPERTIES(example.i PROPERTIES SWIG_FLAGS "-includeall")
    SWIG_ADD_MODULE(example python example.i example.cxx)
    SWIG_LINK_LIBRARIES(example ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES})

The above example will generate native build files such as makefiles, nmake files and Visual Studio projects which will invoke SWIG and compile the generated C++ files into _example.so (UNIX) or _example.pyd (Windows). For other target languages on Windows a dll, instead of a .pyd file, is usually generated.

## 2.8 Hands off code generation

SWIG is designed to produce working code that needs no hand-modification (in fact, if you look at the output, you probably won't want to modify it). You should think of your target language interface being defined entirely by the input to SWIG, not the resulting output file. While this approach may limit flexibility for hard-core hackers, it allows others to forget about the low-level implementation details.

## 2.9 SWIG and freedom

No, this isn't a special section on the sorry state of world politics. However, it may be useful to know that SWIG was written with a certain "philosophy" about programming---namely that programmers are smart and that tools should just stay out of their way. Because of that, you will find that SWIG is extremely permissive in what it lets you get away with. In fact, you can use SWIG to go well beyond "shooting yourself in the foot" if dangerous programming is your goal. On the other hand, this kind of freedom may be exactly what is needed to work with complicated and unusual C/C++ applications.

Ironically, the freedom that SWIG provides is countered by an extremely conservative approach to code generation. At its core, SWIG tries to distill even the most advanced C++ code down to a small well-defined set of interface building techniques based on ISO C programming. Because of this, you will find that SWIG interfaces can be easily compiled by virtually every C/C++ compiler and that they can be used on any platform. Again, this is an important part of staying out of the programmer's way----the last thing any developer wants to do is to spend their time debugging the output of a tool that relies on non-portable or unreliable programming features. Dependencies are often a source of incompatibilities and problems and so additional third party libraries are not used in the generated code. SWIG will also generally avoid generating code that introduces a dependency on the C++ Standard Template Library (STL). SWIG will generate code that depends on the C libraries though.